Recovery from acute spinal cord injury
Spinal cord injury is the damage that
occurs anywhere in the spinal cord or nerves at the end of spinal cord. The
injury is most severe and is termed as acute spinal cord injury when it
occurs in the cervical region and results in quadriplegia or paralysis which
affects arms and legs. The injury in spinal cord may be complete or incomplete
and may occur in cervical, thoracic, lumbar or sacral region.
Acute spinal cord injury occurs due
to falls, accidents, sports or driving injuries, violence, infections or birth
injuries. The disorder is diagnosed through blood tests, X rays, CT scan and
MRI and requires immediate medical attention.
X rays decipher spinal cord problems,
tumours, fractures while CT scan throw light precisely on abnormalities in
bones and discs through cross-sectional images. MRI employs magnetic field and
radio waves to spot herniated discs, blood clots and other issues that cause
spinal cord compression.
Though acute spinal cord injury may not be
reversed, treatments promote nerve cell regeneration or improve function of
remaining nerves after the injury. The treatment also tries to prevent further
injury when patients return to routine life.
Immediate medical treatment is required to
minimize head and neck trauma after which secondary problems like muscle
contractures, pressure ulcers, bowel and bladder issues and respiratory
infections must be averted.
Treatment for acute spinal cord injury depends
upon age and medical history of the patient, extent and type of spinal cord injury,
response to initial treatment and patient’s preference. Recovery depends upon
severity of the injury and while few recover in the first six months others
take one to two years to recover.
Besides damage of independence and physical
function, recovery includes facing other complications such as neurogenic
bladder and bowel, urinary tract infections, pressure ulcers, orthostatic
hypotension, fractures, deep vein thrombosis, autonomic dysreflexia and other
depression disorders are confronted after acute spinal cord injury occurs.
Rehabilitation team including physical
therapist, occupational therapist, nurse, psychologist, dietician works with
the patient for recovering from acute spinal cord injury. During
early stages of recovery process therapists focus on maintenance and
improvement of muscle strength, redevelopment of motor skills and adaption to
routine life tasks.
Recovery from acute spinal cord injury includes
stages such as reduction of swelling, recovery from surgery, regaining
sensation and movement below the site of injury, using assistive devices like
wheel chairs and prostheses, practicing new ways to do routine tasks and
strengthening the body.
Psychological recovery from acute spinal cord injury is as
important as physical recovery. Developing an attitude is important since many
survivors of spinal cord injury suffer from anxiety, depression and other
psychological issues.
Spinal cord injury can affect respiratory
system especially when the cervical cord in injured. Intense use of respiratory
aids can minimize risks of pneumonia, bronchial mucous plugging and respiratory
failure. Muscle functions can be enhanced so that alveolar ventilation is
maintained in the recovery of acute spinal cord injury.
For those whose
lung function is damaged, non-invasive assisted ventilation is performed for
rehabilitation period or for longer periods.
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